Rates of high-risk screening prior to a breast cancer diagnosis in patients under age 40.

BACKGROUND: NCCN Guidelines recommend screening young women with an increased breast cancer risk (>20 â€‹% lifetime risk). We sought to evaluate our institutional rates of high-risk screening in young breast cancer patients prior to their diagnoses." METHODS: A single-institution retrospective review (2013-2018) was performed investigating risk scores (Tyrer-Cuzick model) and characteristics of breast cancer patients (age <40 â€‹y) prior to diagnosis. RESULTS: 92 breast cancer patients age <40 â€‹y were identified (average age 34.5). Only 3.3 â€‹% (n â€‹= â€‹3) underwent appropriate screening, despite 35.8 â€‹% meeting high-risk criteria. Nearly all patients underwent genetic testing (98.9 â€‹%) with pathogenic mutations identified in 36.5 â€‹%, including 15.3 â€‹% with BRCA1/2 mutations. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis highlights a significant discrepancy between those meeting criteria for high-risk screening and those who underwent appropriate screening. We identified that this cohort carries significant genetic burden. Future analysis should investigate these findings on a broader scale and strategies to improve screening.

The Impact of Frailty on Adjuvant Therapies Not Offered to or Declined by Breast Cancer Surgery Patients.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of frailty on adjuvant therapies not offered to or declined by elderly breast cancer surgery patients has been understudied. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of a prospectively managed single-center database including all breast cancer patients >65 years undergoing surgery in 2021. Frailty was determined using an electronic frailty index (eFI) derived from electronic health data. Patients were categorized as Fit (eFI ≤ .10), Pre-frail (.10 < eFI ≤.21), or Frail (eFI > .21). Chart review was performed to collect data on adjuvant therapies not offered or declined. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: Of 133 patients, 16.5% were frail, 46.6% were pre-frail, and 36.8% were fit. Demographics were similar among groups except age and comorbidities. Of those with adjuvant therapy indicated (n = 123), 15.4% were not offered at least one indicated therapy. Of those offered therapy, some therapy was declined in 22.7%. Frail patients more often were not offered or declined some therapy (frail: 63.2%, pre-frail 36.2%, fit: 28.2%, P = .03). Frailty was associated with having some therapy not offered or declined on univariate modeling (OR 4.4 95% CI 1.4-13.5, P = .01) but not on multivariate. Being frail was associated with higher odds of readmission at 6 months on multivariate analysis (OR 9.5, 95% CI: 1.7-54.2. P = .01). CONCLUSION: Over half of frail patients are not offered or decline some adjuvant therapy. The impact of this requires further study. Given their higher odds of readmission, frail patients require close postoperative monitoring to prevent the interruption of adjuvant therapies.

Extraintestinal Manifestations and Family History of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Increase the Risk of Pouchitis in a State-Level Epidemiology Study.

INTRODUCTION: Our understanding of the epidemiology of inflammatory conditions of the pouch and effectiveness of treatment is largely based on selected populations. We created a state-level registry to evaluate the incidence of pouchitis and the effectiveness of treatments used in an initial episode of pouchitis. METHODS: In a state-level retrospective cohort of all patients undergoing proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020, we evaluated the incidence of pouchitis and compared the proportion of patients developing recurrent pouchitis and chronic antibiotic-dependent pouchitis according to initial antibiotic therapy. RESULTS: A total of 177 patients underwent surgery with 49 (28%) developing pouchitis within the 12 months after the final stage of IPAA. Patients with extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were significantly more likely to develop pouchitis within the first 12 months after IPAA (adjusted odds ratio 2.45, 95% confidence interval 1.03-5.81) after adjusting for family history of IBD (adjusted odds ratio 3.50, 95% 1.50-8.18). When comparing the proportion of patients who developed recurrent pouchitis or chronic antibiotic-dependent pouchitis with those who experienced an isolated episode of pouchitis, there were no significant differences among the initial antibiotic regimens used. DISCUSSION: In a state-level examination of outcomes after IPAA for ulcerative colitis, patients with extraintestinal manifestations of IBD were more likely to develop pouchitis; however, the initial antibiotic regimen chosen did not seem to affect long-term outcomes.

Extensive Colitis and Smoking Are Associated With Postoperative Complications Within 30 Days of Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis.

BACKGROUND: Our understanding of outcomes after proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC) is largely based on analyses of selected populations. We created a state-level registry to evaluate the epidemiology of IPAA surgery and pouch-related outcomes across the major healthcare systems performing these surgeries in our state. METHODS: We created a retrospective cohort of all patients undergoing restorative proctocolectomy with IPAA for UC at 1 of 4 centers between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020. The primary outcomes of this study were the rate of complications and all-cause readmissions within the first 30 days of the final stage of IPAA surgery. RESULTS: During the study period, 177 patients underwent IPAA surgery with 66 (37%) experiencing a complication within 30 days. After adjusting for the number of stages in IPAA surgery, patients with extensive UC (odds ratio, 3.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.39-9.33) and current or former smokers (odds ratio, 2.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.38-6.45) were more likely to experience a complication. Among all patients, 57 (32%) required readmission within 30 days. The most common reasons for readmission were ileus/small bowel obstruction (22%), peripouch abscess (19%), and dehydration (16%). CONCLUSION: In this first state-level examination of the epidemiology of IPAA for UC, we demonstrated that the complication rate after IPAA for UC was 37%, with one-third of patients being readmitted within 30 days. Extensive disease at the time of colectomy appears to be an indicator of more severe disease and may portend a worse prognosis after IPAA.

Does Preoperative MRI Reduce Positive Margins after Breast-Conserving Surgery?

BACKGROUND: Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is a mainstay for breast cancer management, and obtaining negative margins is critical. Some have advocated for the use of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in reducing positive margins after BCS. We sought to determine whether preoperative MRI was associated with reduced positive margins. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The SHAVE/SHAVE2 trials were multicenter trials in ten US centers with patients with stage 0-3 breast cancer undergoing BCS. Use of preoperative MRI was at the discretion of the surgeon. We evaluated whether or not preoperative MRI was associated with margin status prior to randomization regarding resection of cavity with shave margins. RESULTS: A total of 631 patients participated. Median age was 64 (range 29-94) years, with a median tumor size of 1.3 cm (range 0.1-9.3 cm). Patient factors included 26.1% of patients (165) had palpable tumors, and 6.5% (41) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Tumor factors were notable for invasive lobular histology in 7.0% (44) and extensive intraductal component (EIC) in 32.8% (207). A preoperative MRI was performed in 193 (30.6%) patients. Those who underwent preoperative MRI were less likely to have a positive margin (31.1% versus 38.8%), although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.073). On multivariate analysis, controlling for patient and tumor factors, utilization of preoperative MRI was not a significant factor in predicting margin status (p = 0.110). Rather, age (p = 0.032) and tumor size (p = 0.040) were the only factors associated with margin status. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that preoperative MRI is not associated margin status; rather, patient age and tumor size are the associated factors.

Are Breast Cancer Patients Presenting With Higher Stage Since the COVID-19 Pandemic?

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care is vast and continuing to unfold. As much progress related to breast cancer has resulted from screening and public health measures, we analyzed the stage at which patients with breast cancer presented for surgical consultation from 2019 to 2021. From 2019 to 2021, retrospective analysis was performed on breast cancer patients, comparing differences in patient demographics and cancer stage at diagnosis pre- and post-recommendation (COVID-era) to postpone mammographic screening on March 26, 2020. Proportion analysis was performed to identify similar percentages for each stage, and a weighed stage severity score with sign test was crafted to compare overall stage for a given year. The study included 1107 breast cancer patients from breast cancer surgery registry. These groups were similar demographically. We performed analysis comparing pre-COVID and COVID-era stage severity score. This showed a statistically higher stage at presentation when comparing pre-COVID to COVID-era data (P = .0027). Additionally, we identified a higher rate of stage 3 at presentation or greater in the COVID-era with 7.79% pre-COVID vs 12.3% COVID-era (P = .016). We found that in comparing pre-COVID to COVID-era data that breast cancer patients presented with higher stages, in particular, stage 3 or higher stage disease. This analysis reveals the impact of COVID on the multidisciplinary treatment of breast cancer patients. Additional efforts are needed to address the stage migration, the disproportionate burden of disease, and the access to care.

Above the Clavicle: A Simplified Screening Method for Asymptomatic Blunt Cerebral Vascular Injury.

INTRODUCTION: Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) is an increasingly detected pattern in trauma with significant morbidity, putting patients at risk for subsequent stoke. Complex screening protocols exist to determine who should undergo CT angiography of the neck (CTAN) to evaluate for BCVI. Once identified, stroke incidence may be reduced with appropriate treatment across grades. We hypothesize that an expanded and simplified method for identifying patients with clinical suspicion for BCVI based upon injury above the clavicle (ATC) will illustrate a previously undiagnosed cohort of patients. METHODS: A single-institution retrospective review of adult (age ≥18 years) blunt trauma patients with BCVI from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019 was conducted at a tertiary academic medical center. Patients undergoing CTAN were divided into 2 groups based upon qualification by either the expanded Denver criteria or clinical evidence of any injury ATC. RESULTS: A total of 219 patients were diagnosed with BCVI (25 566 blunt trauma admissions, .9% incidence). Seventeen patients (8%) who did not satisfy expanded Denver were diagnosed with BCVI by ATC, most commonly undergoing CTAN due to facial trauma (n = 8). There were no differences in distribution of carotid artery injuries (CAI) and vertebral artery injuries (VAI) in the expanded Denver criteria group compared to the ATC group. CONCLUSIONS: CTAN for blunt trauma with any injury ATC is an easy-to-use screening tool and may be seamlessly included with initial whole-body imaging.

Bilateral Diffuse Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia Necessitating Mastectomy.

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is an uncommon, benign breast lesion often diagnosed incidentally and frequently mistaken for fibroadenoma given similar radiographic appearance. Histopathology classically reveals diffuse, dense fibrous stromal background with a complex network of spindle cells forming slit-like spaces, giving it the appearance of angiomatous proliferation. Surgical excision is generally not necessary. Here we present two unusual cases of PASH: an adolescent patient with bilateral rapid onset of symptoms, and a premenopausal patient with bilateral, diffuse, recurrent PASH. Both required mastectomy. We aim to highlight the variable nature of presentation and briefly review current management options.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Breast Cancer Screening and Operative Treatment.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted many areas of health care and had a significant impact on care delivery, including breast cancer. METHODS: To better understand the changes to detection and treatment of breast cancer at our institution, we analyzed mammogram rates (screening and diagnostic) and breast cancer operations in 2019-2020. Mammography rates were calculated using county level census data for eligible women (Z-test). For breast cancer staging, a stage severity score was analyzed with a Mann-Whitney U-test (two-tail, P < .05) with proportions derived from WFBH operative volume quarterly reports. Results: Data revealed a relative decline from 2019 to 2020 in breast cancer screening. Screening mammograms decreased by 44% or 1558 fewer screening mammograms (Z = 4.75, P < .00001) and by 21% or 771 fewer for diagnostic mammograms (Z = 2.16, P = .03). With regards to breast cancer operations, we did not identify a statistically significant difference in number of new breast cancer operations at WFBH with 340 cases in 2020 as compared to 384 cases in 2019 (P = .9905). We compared a breast cancer severity score (weighted by stage at time of operation), which did not reveal statistically significant difference in clinical stage of breast cancer at time of operation (P = .71, U = 28). CONCLUSION: Mammography was impacted more than breast surgery cases by the COVID-19 pandemic. More data needs to be collected to evaluate future morbidity and mortality related to breast cancer operations and persistent disparities related to delay in breast cancer care due to COVID-19.

Primary Breast Neuroendocrine Tumor.

Breast primary neuroendocrine tumors (BNETs) are rare, making up less than 1% of all breast carcinoma diagnosis. Their detection relies on physical exams and mammography. Diagnosis of primary BNET requires findings of no other source of neuroendocrine tumor (eg, pancreatic, lung, and appendix). Histopathologically, they typically stain positive for chromogranin A and/or synaptophysin, as do most neuroendocrine tumors. Currently, there are no agreed upon and standardized treatment protocols as it is a rare diagnosis. Treatment protocols are often built on anecdotal evidence and small case reports and series. Here we discuss a case of BNET in a 51-year-old female and discuss commonly encountered treatment protocols.

Equivalent Operative Outcomes for Emergency Colon Cancer Resections Among Acute Care Surgeons and Specialists in Colorectal Surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Improved screening has decreased but not eliminated the need for emergent surgery for colon cancer (CC), many of which are performed by acute care surgery (ACS) surgeons. This retrospective review compares outcomes for CC resections on the ACS service to the surgical oncology and colorectal services (SO/CRS). METHODS: Retrospective review was performed for CC operations between 2014 and 2019. Data for margin status, cancer stage, number of lymph nodes dissected, time to medical oncology follow-up, and time to initiation of chemotherapy were collected. Patients with curative resection, who chose comfort care, presented on alternative services or with non-CC indications as well as those were lost to follow-up were excluded. RESULTS: 36 ACS patients and 269 SO/CRS patients underwent CC resections. Most ACS patients presented emergently compared to the SO/CC group (83.3% vs 1%, P < .05) as well as with more advanced tumor stage. There were no statistically significant differences for presence of metastatic disease, number of lymph nodes obtained, or time to post-surgical care (in days) and chemotherapy initiation (in days). 3 (8%) EGS patients had positive margins compared to 6 (2%) CRS/SO patients due to the presence of perforated tumors in the ACS group (p < .05). There were no statistically significant differences in 30- day or 1-year mortality despite the emergent presentation of the ACS patients. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that despite emergent presentation and advanced disease burden, ACS surgeons provide quality care to CC patients, both in the operating room and in coordination of care.

Precision Approaches in the Management of Colorectal Cancer: Current Evidence and Latest Advancements Towards Individualizing the Treatment.

The genetic and molecular underpinnings of metastatic colorectal cancer have been studied for decades, and the applicability of these findings in clinical decision making continues to evolve. Advancements in translating molecular studies have provided a basis for tailoring chemotherapeutic regimens in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treatment, which have informed multiple practice guidelines. Various genetic and molecular pathways have been identified as clinically significant in the pathogenesis of metastatic colorectal cancer. These include rat sarcoma (RAS), epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF, microsatellite instability, mismatch repair, and v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog b1 (BRAF) with established clinical implications. RAS mutations and deficiencies in the mismatch repair pathway guide decisions regarding the administration of anti-EGFR-based therapies and immunotherapy, respectively. Furthermore, there are several emerging pathways and therapeutic modalities that have not entered mainstream use in mCRC treatment and are ripe for further investigation. The well-established data in the arena of targeted therapies provide evidence-based support for the use or avoidance of various therapeutic regimens in mCRC treatment, while the emerging pathways and platforms offer a glimpse into the future of transforming a precision approach into a personalized treatment.

Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in the Surgical Management and Outcomes of Patients with Colorectal Carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in the USA. We aimed to determine racial and socioeconomic disparities in the surgical management and outcomes of patients with CRC in a contemporary, national cohort. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample for the period 2009-2015. Adult patients diagnosed with CRC and who underwent colorectal resection were included. Multivariable linear and logistic regressions were used to assess the effect of race, insurance type, and household income on patient outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 100,515 patients were included: 72,552 (72%) had elective admissions and 27,963 (28%) underwent laparoscopic surgery. Patients with private insurance and higher household income were consistently more likely to have laparoscopic procedures, compared to other insurance types and income levels, p < 0.0001. Black patients, compared to white patients, were more likely to have postoperative complications (OR 1.23, 95% CI, 1.17, 1.29). Patients with Medicare and Medicaid, compared to private insurance, were also more likely to have postoperative complications (OR 1.30, 95% CI, 1.24, 1.37 and OR 1.40, 95% CI, 1.31, 1.50). Patients in low-household-income areas had higher rates of any complication (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06, 1.16). CONCLUSIONS: The use of laparoscopic surgery in patients with CRC is strongly influenced by insurance type and household income, with Medicare, Medicaid and low-income patients being less likely to undergo laparoscopic surgery. In addition, black patients, patients with public insurance, and patients with low household income have significant worse surgical outcomes.